What is the process called when axons sprout new connections after damage has occurred?

The process of axons sprouting new connections after damage has occurred is referred to as axon sprouting. This phenomenon is a specific aspect of neuroplasticity, which is the broader ability of the nervous system to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. When an axon is damaged, it may not only repair itself but also sprout new branches to connect with other neurons, facilitating functional recovery and adaptation.

This process is critical in the brain's ability to adapt in response to injury, as it allows for the potential recovery of lost functions by establishing alternative pathways for signals to travel. It can occur in various situations, such as following a stroke or traumatic injury, where the nervous system compensates for the loss of function by reorganizing its connections.

Neural regeneration refers to the overall process of repairing and regrowing nerves, which may include axon sprouting as one component. However, axon sprouting specifically emphasizes the formation of new connections from existing neurons. Synaptic pruning, on the other hand, involves the elimination of weaker synaptic connections, which is not relevant when discussing the formation of new connections after damage.